日本免费高清视频-国产福利视频导航-黄色在线播放国产-天天操天天操天天操天天操|www.shdianci.com

學無先后,達者為師

網站首頁 編程語言 正文

python?函數、變量中單下劃線和雙下劃線的區別詳解_python

作者:岳來 ? 更新時間: 2023-03-17 編程語言

一、_func 單下劃線開頭 --口頭私有變量

1.1、在模塊中使用單下劃線開頭

在Python中,通過單下劃線_來實現模塊級別的私有化,變量除外。一般約定以單下劃線開頭的函數為模塊私有的,也就是說from moduleName import * 將不會引入以單下劃線開頭的函數。模塊中使用單下劃線開頭定義函數、全局變量和類均適用,但可以用:from module import _func形式單獨導入。

實例如下:

lerarn_under_line.py

# coding=utf-8
course = "math"
_credit = 4


def call_var():
? ? print "course:%s" % course
? ? print "_credit:%d" % _credit


def _call_var():
? ? print "帶下劃線course:%s" % course
? ? print "帶下劃線_credit:%d" % _credit


def __call_var():
? ? print "帶雙下劃線course:%s" % course
? ? print "帶雙下劃線_credit:%d" % _credit

import lerarn_under_line

>>> import lerarn_under_line
>>> lerarn_under_line.call_var
<function call_var at 0x10aa61850>
>>> lerarn_under_line.call_var()
course:math
_credit:4
>>> lerarn_under_line._call_var() ? # 單下劃線可以調用
帶下劃線course:math
帶下劃線_credit:4
>>> >>> lerarn_under_line.__call_var() ? # 雙下劃線不可調用
Traceback (most recent call last):
? File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'module' object has no attribute '__call_var'

from lerarn_under_line import *

>>> from lerarn_under_line import *
>>> course
'math'
>>> _credit
Traceback (most recent call last):
? File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name '_credit' is not defined
>>> call_var()
course:math
_credit:4
>>> _call_var()
Traceback (most recent call last):
? File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name '_call_var' is not defined
>>> __call_var()
Traceback (most recent call last):
? File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name '__call_var' is not defined

from module import _func

>>> from lerarn_under_line import course
>>> course
'math'
>>> from lerarn_under_line import _credit
>>> _credit
4
>>> from lerarn_under_line import call_var
>>> call_var()
course:math
_credit:4
>>> from lerarn_under_line import _call_var
>>> _call_var()
帶下劃線course:math
帶下劃線_credit:4
>>> from lerarn_under_line import __call_var
>>> __call_var()
帶雙下劃線course:math
帶雙下劃線_credit:4

1.2、在類中使用單下劃線開頭

lerarn_under_line.py

class Course(object):
? ? def __init__(self, name):
? ? ? ? self.name = name

? ? def credit(self):
? ? ? ? if self.name == 'math':
? ? ? ? ? ? print "%s的credit 為%d" % (self.name, 4)
? ? ? ? else:
? ? ? ? ? ? print "%s的credit 為%d" % (self.name, 2)

? ? def _credit(self):
? ? ? ? if self.name == 'math':
? ? ? ? ? ? print "%s的credit 為%d" % (self.name, 4)
? ? ? ? else:
? ? ? ? ? ? print "%s的credit 為%d" % (self.name, 2)

? ? def __credit(self):
? ? ? ? if self.name == 'math':
? ? ? ? ? ? print "%s的credit 為%d" % (self.name, 4)
? ? ? ? else:
? ? ? ? ? ? print "%s的credit 為%d" % (self.name, 2)

import lerarn_under_line

>>> import lerarn_under_line
>>> a=Course('math')
Traceback (most recent call last):
? File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'Course' is not defined

from lerarn_under_line import *

>>> from lerarn_under_line import *
>>> a=Course('math')
>>> a.credit()
math的credit 為4
>>> a._credit()
math的credit 為4
>>> a.__credit()
Traceback (most recent call last):
? File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'Course' object has no attribute '__credit'

from lerarn_under_line import Course

>>> from lerarn_under_line import Course
>>> a=Course('math')
>>> a.__credit()
Traceback (most recent call last):
? File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'Course' object has no attribute '__credit'
>>> a._credit()
math的credit 為4
>>> a.credit()
math的credit 為4

綜上,單下劃線開頭的函數表示是口頭實例私有變量,是可訪問的,但是也不要隨意訪問,即所謂防君子不防小人。

二、__func 雙下劃線開頭的函數 --私有變量

2.1、在模塊中使用雙下劃線開頭

在實例中,帶雙下劃線的類變量、實例變量、方法不能被直接訪問。但有辦法間接訪問。如1.1中的from module import __func

>>> from lerarn_under_line import *
>>> __call_var()
Traceback (most recent call last):
? File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name '__call_var' is not defined

>>> import lerarn_under_line
>>> lerarn_under_line.__call_var() ? # 雙下劃線不可調用
Traceback (most recent call last):
? File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'module' object has no attribute '__call_var'

>>> from lerarn_under_line import course
>>> from lerarn_under_line import __call_var
>>> __call_var()
帶雙下劃線course:math
帶雙下劃線_credit:4

2.2、在類中使用雙下劃線開頭

  • 在class類的內部,帶雙下劃線的類變量、實例變量、方法具有正常訪問權限。
  • 在繼承結構中,帶雙下劃線的基類的類變量和實例變量不能被子類直接訪問。

lerarn_under_line.py

class Course(object):
? ? def __init__(self, name, _teacher, __classroom):
? ? ? ? self.name = name
? ? ? ? self._teacher = _teacher
? ? ? ? self.__classroom = __classroom

? ? def call_var(self):
? ? ? ? print "name:%s" % self.name
? ? ? ? print "_teacher:%s" % self._teacher
? ? ? ? print "__classroom:%s" % self.__classroom ??
>>> import lerarn_under_line
>>> a = Course('math', 'zhangyu', 'juyiting') ?# 無法實例化
Traceback (most recent call last):
? File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'Course' is not defined
>>> from lerarn_under_line import *
>>> a = Course('math', 'zhangyu', 'juyiting')
>>> a.call_var()
name:math
_teacher:zhangyu
__classroom:juyiting

lerarn_under_line.py

class Course(object):
? ? def __init__(self, name, _teacher, __classroom):
? ? ? ? self.name = name
? ? ? ? self._teacher = _teacher
? ? ? ? self.__classroom = __classroom

? ? def call_var(self):
? ? ? ? print "name:%s" % self.name
? ? ? ? print "_teacher:%s" % self._teacher
? ? ? ? print "__classroom:%s" % self.__classroom


class SonCourse(Course):
? ? def __init__(self, name, _teacher, __classroom, time):
? ? ? ? super(Course, self).__init__()
? ? ? ? self.time = time
? ? ? ? self.name = name
? ? ? ? self.__classroom = self.__classroom
? ? ? ? self._teacher = self._teacher
? ? ? ? self.__classroom = self.__classroom

? ? def call_son_var(self):
? ? ? ? print "time:%s" % self.time
? ? ? ? print "name:%s" % self.name
? ? ? ? print "_teacher:%s" % self._teacher
? ? ? ? print "__classroom:%s" % self.__classroom
>>> import lerarn_under_line
Traceback (most recent call last):
? File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
? File "lerarn_under_line.py", line 77, in <module>
? ? b = SonCourse('math', 'zhangyu', 'juyiting', "12:00")
? File "lerarn_under_line.py", line 63, in __init__
? ? self.__classroom = self.__classroom
AttributeError: 'SonCourse' object has no attribute '_SonCourse__classroom'

>>> from lerarn_under_line import *
Traceback (most recent call last):
? File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
? File "lerarn_under_line.py", line 77, in <module>
? ? b = SonCourse('math', 'zhangyu', 'juyiting', "12:00")
? File "lerarn_under_line.py", line 63, in __init__
? ? self.__classroom = self.__classroom
AttributeError: 'SonCourse' object has no attribute '_SonCourse__classroom'

>>> from lerarn_under_line import Course
Traceback (most recent call last):
? File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
? File "lerarn_under_line.py", line 77, in <module>
? ? b = SonCourse('math', 'zhangyu', 'juyiting', "12:00")
? File "lerarn_under_line.py", line 63, in __init__
? ? self.__classroom = self.__classroom
AttributeError: 'SonCourse' object has no attribute '_SonCourse__classroom'

>>> from lerarn_under_line import sonCourse
Traceback (most recent call last):
? File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
? File "lerarn_under_line.py", line 77, in <module>
? ? b = SonCourse('math', 'zhangyu', 'juyiting', "12:00")
? File "lerarn_under_line.py", line 63, in __init__
? ? self.__classroom = self.__classroom
AttributeError: 'SonCourse' object has no attribute '_SonCourse__classroom'

三、前后都有雙下劃線 --特殊變量

Python保留了有雙前導和雙末尾下劃線的名稱,用于特殊用途。 這樣的例子有,init__對象構造函數,或__call — 它使得一個對象可以被調用。這些方法通常被稱為神奇方法,最好避免在自己的程序中使用以雙下劃線開頭和結尾的名稱,以避免與將來Python語言的變化產生沖突。

常見方法:

方法 含義
__str__ 當將對象轉換成字符串時會執行
__init__ 初始化方法,為對象變量賦值
__new__ 構造方法,創建一個對象
__call__ 在對象后面加括號會執行該方法
__getattr__ 當使用對象.屬性時,若屬性不存在會調用該方法
__setattr__ 當使用對象.屬性 = 值,會調用該方法
__iter__ 類內部定義了該方法,對象就變成了可迭代對象
__add__ 當兩個對象使用+號會調用該方法
__enter__和__exit__ 上下文管理

參考文檔

1、https://blog.csdn.net/brucewong0516/article/details/79120841

2、http://t.zoukankan.com/one-tom-p-11749739.html

3、https://www.cnblogs.com/bryant24/p/11429653.html

4、https://blog.csdn.net/m0_58357932/article/details/121062461

5、https://www.likecs.com/show-308380836.html

原文鏈接:https://blog.csdn.net/yuelai_217/article/details/128706898

欄目分類
最近更新